Modernismo
Chama-se genericamente modernismo (ou movimento moderno) o conjunto de movimentos culturais, escolas e estilos que permearam as artes e o design da primeira metade do século XX. Apesar de ser possível encontrar pontos de convergência entre os vários movimentos, eles em geral se diferenciam e até mesmo se antagonizam.Encaixam-se nesta classificação a literatura, a arquitetura, design, pintura, escultura e a música modernas.O movimento moderno baseou-se na idéia de que as formas "tradicionais" das artes plásticas, literatura, design, organização social e da vida cotidiana tornaram-se ultrapassados, e que fazia-se fundamental deixá-los de lado e criar no lugar uma nova cultura. Esta constatação apoiou a idéia de reexaminar cada aspecto da existência, do comércio à filosofia, com o objetivo de achar o que seriam as "marcas antigas" e substituí-las por novas formas, e possivelmente melhores, de se chegar ao "progresso". Em essência, o movimento moderno argumentava que as novas realidades do século XX eram permanentes e iminentes, e que as pessoas deveriam se adaptar as suas visões de mundo a fim de aceitar que o que era novo era também bom e belo.A palavra moderno também é utilizada em contraponto ao que é ultrapassado. Neste sentido ela é sinônimo de contemporâneo, embora do ponto de vista histórico-cultural, moderno e contemporâneo abrangem contextos bastante diversos.
História do modernismo
Chama-se genericamente modernismo (ou movimento moderno) o conjunto de movimentos culturais, escolas e estilos que permearam as artes e o design da primeira metade do século XX. Apesar de ser possível encontrar pontos de convergência entre os vários movimentos, eles em geral se diferenciam e até mesmo se antagonizam.Encaixam-se nesta classificação a literatura, a arquitetura, design, pintura, escultura e a música modernas.O movimento moderno baseou-se na idéia de que as formas "tradicionais" das artes plásticas, literatura, design, organização social e da vida cotidiana tornaram-se ultrapassados, e que fazia-se fundamental deixá-los de lado e criar no lugar uma nova cultura. Esta constatação apoiou a idéia de reexaminar cada aspecto da existência, do comércio à filosofia, com o objetivo de achar o que seriam as "marcas antigas" e substituí-las por novas formas, e possivelmente melhores, de se chegar ao "progresso". Em essência, o movimento moderno argumentava que as novas realidades do século XX eram permanentes e iminentes, e que as pessoas deveriam se adaptar as suas visões de mundo a fim de aceitar que o que era novo era também bom e belo.A palavra moderno também é utilizada em contraponto ao que é ultrapassado. Neste sentido ela é sinônimo de contemporâneo, embora do ponto de vista histórico-cultural, moderno e contemporâneo abrangem contextos bastante diversos.
História do modernismo
Origens
A primeira metade do século XIX na Europa foi marcada por uma série de guerras e revoluções turbulentas, as quais gradualmente traduziram-se em um conjunto de doutrinas atualmente identificadas com o movimento romântico, focado na experiência individual subjetiva, na supremacia da Natureza como um tema padrão na arte, meios de expressão revolucionários ou radicais e na liberdade do indivíduo. Em meados da metade do século, entretanto, uma síntese destas idéias e formas de governo estáveis surgiram. Chamada de vários nomes, esta síntese baseava-se na idéia de que o que era "real" dominou o que era subjetivo. Exemplificada pela real política de Otto Von Bismarck, idéias filosóficas como o positivismo e normas culturais agora descritas pela palavra vitoriano.Fundamental para esta síntese, no entanto, foi a importância de instituições, noções comuns e quadros de referência. Estes inspiraram-se em normas religiosas encontradas no Cristianismo, normas científicas da física clássica e doutrinas que pregavam a percepção da realidade básica externa através de um ponto de vista objetivo. Críticos e historiadores rotulam este conjunto de doutrinas como Realismo, apesar deste termo não ser universal. Na filosofia, os movimentos positivista e racionalista estabeleceram uma valorização da razão e do sistema.Contra estas correntes estavam uma série de idéias. Algumas delas eram continuações diretas das escolas de pensamento românticas. Notáveis eram os movimentos bucólicos e reviva listas nas artes plásticas e na poesia (por exemplo, a Irmandade pré-rafaelita e a filosofia de John Ruskin). O Racionalismo também manifestou respostas do anti-racionalismo na filosofia. Em particular, a visão dialética de Hegel da civilização e da história gerou respostas de Friedrich Nietzsche e Søren Kierkegaard, principal precursor do Existencialismo. Adicionalmente, Sigmund Freud ofereceu uma visão dos estados subjetivos que envolviam uma mente subconsciente repleta de impulsos primários e restrições contra balançantes, e Carl Jung combinaria a doutrina de Freud com uma crença na essência natural para estipular um inconsciente coletivo que era repleto de tipologias básicas que a mente consciente enfrentou ou assumiu. Todas estas reações individuais juntas, porém, ofereceram um desafio a quaisquer idéias confortáveis de certeza derivada da civilização, da história ou da razão pura.Duas escolas originadas na França gerariam um impacto particular. A primeira foi o Impressionismo, uma escola de pintura que inicialmente preocupou-se com o trabalho feito ao ar livre, ao invés dos estúdios. Argumentava-se que o ser humano não via objetos, mas a própria luz refletida pelos objetos. O movimento reuniu simpatizantes e, apesar de divisões internas entre seus principais membros, tornou-se cada vez mais influente. Foi originalmente rejeitado pelas mais importantes exposições comerciais do período - o governo patrocinava o Salon de Paris (Napoleão III viria a criar o Salon des rejects, que expôs todas as pinturas rejeitadas pelo Paris Salon). Enquanto muitas obras seguiam estilos padrão, mas por artistas inferiores, o trabalho de Manet atraiu tremenda atenção e abriu as portas do mercado da arte para o movimento.A segunda escola foi o Simbolismo, marcado pela crença de que a linguagem é um meio de expressão simbólico em sua natureza, e que a poesia e a prosa deveriam seguir quaisquer conexões que as curvas sonoras e a textura das palavras pudessem criar. O poeta Stéphane Mallarmé seria de particular importância para o que aconteceria dali a frente.Ao mesmo tempo, forças sociais, políticas e econômicas estavam trabalhando de forma a eventualmente serem usadas como base para uma forma radicalmente diferente de arte e pensamento.Encabeçando este processo estava a industrialização, que produziu obras como a Torre Eiffel, que superou todas as limitações anteriores que determinavam o quão alto um edifício poderia ser e ao mesmo tempo possibilitava um ambiente para a vida urbana notadamente diferente dos anteriores. As misérias da urbanização industrial e as possibilidades criadas pelo exame científico das disciplinas seriam cruciais na série de mudanças que abalariam a civilização européia, que, naquele momento, considerava-se tendo uma linha de desenvolvimento contínua e evolutiva desde a Renascença.A marca da mudanças que ocorriam pode ser encontrada na forma como tantas ciências são descritas em suas formas anteriores ao século XX pelo rótulo "clássico", incluindo a física clássica, a economia clássica e artes como o ballet clássico.
Nossa obra foi inspirada nas revistas modernistas, porque elas falavam de Renovação e nosso Projeto do Abajur foi renovar papel de revista,fazendo a arte do Origami.
Pablo Picasso
Pablo Ruiz Picasso (October 25, 1881 – April 8, 1973), often referred to simply as Picasso, was a Spanish painter and sculptor. His full name is Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Clito Ruiz y Picasso.One of the most recognized figures in 20th century art, he is best known as the co-founder, along with Georges Braque, of cubism.Biography
Pablo Picasso was born in Málaga, Spain, the first child of José Ruiz y Blasco and María Picasso y López. He was christened with the names Pablo, Diego, José, Francisco de Paula, Juan Nepomuceno, Maria de los Remedios, and Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad.[2] Picasso's father was a painter whose specialty was the naturalistic depiction of birds and who for most of his life was also a professor of art at the School of Crafts and a curator of a local museum. The young Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age; according to his mother,[3] his first word was "piz," a shortening of lápiz, the Spanish word for pencil.[4] It was from his father that Picasso had his first formal academic art training, such as figure drawing and painting in oil. Although Picasso attended art schools throughout his childhood, often those where his father taught, he never finished his college-level course of study at the Academy of Arts (Academia de San Fernando) in Madrid, leaving after less than a year.Personal life
After studying art in Madrid, he made his first trip to Paris in 1900, the art capital of Europe. In Paris, he lived with Max Jacob (journalist and poet), who helped him learn French. Max slept at night and Picasso slept during the day as he worked at night. There were times of severe poverty, cold, and desperation. Much of his work had to be burned to keep the small room warm. In 1901, with his friend Soler, he founded the magazine Arte Joven in Madrid. The first edition was entirely illustrated by him. From that day, he started to simply sign his work Picasso, while before he signed Pablo Ruiz y Picasso.In the early years of the 20th century, Picasso, still a struggling youth, divided his time between Barcelona and Paris, where in 1904, he began a long-term relationship with Fernande Olivier. It is she who appears in many of the Rose period paintings. After acquiring fame and some fortune, Picasso left Olivier for Marcelle Humbert, whom Picasso called Eva. Picasso included declarations of his love for Eva in many Cubist works.In Paris, Picasso entertained a distinguished coterie of friends in the Montmartre and Montparnasse quarters, including André Breton, poet Guillaume Apollinaire, and writer Gertrude Stein. Apollinaire was arrested on suspicion of stealing the Mona Lisa from the Louvre in 1911. Apollonaire pointed to his friend Picasso, who was also brought in for questioning, but both were later exonerated.He maintained a number of mistresses in addition to his wife or primary partner. Picasso was married twice and had four children by three women. In the summer of 1918, Picasso married Olga Khokhlova, a ballerina with Sergei Diaghilev's troupe, for whom Picasso was designing a ballet, Parade, in Rome; and they spent their honeymoon in the villa near Biarritz of the glamorous Chilean art patron Eugenia Errázuriz. Khokhlova introduced Picasso to high society, formal dinner parties, and all the social niceties attendant on the life of the rich in 1920s Paris. The two had a son, Paulo, who would grow up to be a dissolute motorcycle racer and chauffeur to his father. Khokhlova's insistence on social propriety clashed with Picasso's bohemian tendencies and the two lived in a state of constant conflict. In 1927 Picasso met 17 year old Marie-Thérèse Walter and began a secret affair with her. Picasso's marriage to Khokhlova soon ended in separation rather than divorce, as French law required an even division of property in the case of divorce, and Picasso did not want Khokhlova to have half his wealth. The two remained legally married until Khokhlova's death in 1955. Picasso carried on a long-standing affair with Marie-Thérèse Walter and fathered a daughter, Maia, with her. Marie-Thérèse lived in the vain hope that Picasso would one day marry her, and hanged herself four years after Picasso's death.The photographer and painter Dora Maar was also a constant companion and lover of Picasso. The two were closest in the late 1930s and early 1940s and it was Maar who documented the painting of Guernica.During the Second World War, Picasso remained in Paris while the Germans occupied the city. Picasso's artistic style did not fit the Nazi views of art, so he was not able to show his works during this time. Retreating to his studio, he continued to paint all the while. Although the Germans outlawed bronze casting in Paris, Picasso continued regardless, using bronze smuggled to him by the French resistance.After the liberation of Paris in 1944, Picasso began to keep company with a young art student, Françoise Gilot. The two eventually became lovers, and had two children together, Claude and Paloma. Unique among Picasso's women, Gilot left Picasso in 1953, allegedly because of abusive treatment and infidelities. This came as a severe blow to Picasso.He went through a difficult period after Gilot's departure, coming to terms with his advancing age and his perception that, now in his 70s, he was no longer attractive, but rather grotesque to young women. A number of ink drawings from this period explore this theme of the hideous old dwarf as buffoonish counterpoint to the beautiful young girl, including several from a six-week affair with Geneviève Laporte, who in June 2005 auctioned off the drawings Picasso made of her.Picasso was not long in finding another lover, Jacqueline Roque. Roque worked at the Madoura Pottery in Vallauris on the French Riviera, where Picasso made and painted ceramics. The two remained together for the rest of Picasso's life, marrying in 1961. Their marriage was also the means of one last act of revenge against Gilot. Gilot had been seeking a legal means to legitimize her children with Picasso, Claude and Paloma. With Picasso's encouragement, she had arranged to divorce her then husband, Luc Simon, and marry Picasso to secure her children's rights. Picasso then secretly married Roque after Gilot had filed for divorce in order to exact his revenge for her leaving him.Picasso had constructed a huge gothic structure and could afford large villas in the south of France, at Notre-dame-de-vie on the outskirts of Mougins, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Although he was a celebrity, there was often as much interest in his personal life as his art.In addition to his manifold artistic accomplishments, Picasso had a film career, including a cameo appearance in Jean Cocteau's Testament of Orpheus. Picasso always played himself in his film appearances. In 1955 he helped make the film Le Mystère Picasso (The Mystery of Picasso) directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot.Pablo Picasso died on April 8, 1973 in Mougins, France, while he and his wife Jacqueline entertained friends for dinner. His final words were "Drink to me, drink to my health, you know I can't drink any more."He was interred at Castle Vauvenargues' park, in Vauvenargues, Bouches-du-Rhône. Jacqueline Roque prevented his children Claude and Paloma from attending the funeral.
Fonte: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismo
Nomes: Amanda N° 07 3°I
Bruna 09
Bruna Santana 10
Camila 13
Rita de Cássia 46
Nossa obra foi inspirada nas revistas modernistas, porque elas falavam de Renovação e nosso Projeto do Abajur foi renovar papel de revista,fazendo a arte do Origami.
Pablo Picasso
Pablo Ruiz Picasso (October 25, 1881 – April 8, 1973), often referred to simply as Picasso, was a Spanish painter and sculptor. His full name is Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Clito Ruiz y Picasso.One of the most recognized figures in 20th century art, he is best known as the co-founder, along with Georges Braque, of cubism.Biography
Pablo Picasso was born in Málaga, Spain, the first child of José Ruiz y Blasco and María Picasso y López. He was christened with the names Pablo, Diego, José, Francisco de Paula, Juan Nepomuceno, Maria de los Remedios, and Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad.[2] Picasso's father was a painter whose specialty was the naturalistic depiction of birds and who for most of his life was also a professor of art at the School of Crafts and a curator of a local museum. The young Picasso showed a passion and a skill for drawing from an early age; according to his mother,[3] his first word was "piz," a shortening of lápiz, the Spanish word for pencil.[4] It was from his father that Picasso had his first formal academic art training, such as figure drawing and painting in oil. Although Picasso attended art schools throughout his childhood, often those where his father taught, he never finished his college-level course of study at the Academy of Arts (Academia de San Fernando) in Madrid, leaving after less than a year.Personal life
After studying art in Madrid, he made his first trip to Paris in 1900, the art capital of Europe. In Paris, he lived with Max Jacob (journalist and poet), who helped him learn French. Max slept at night and Picasso slept during the day as he worked at night. There were times of severe poverty, cold, and desperation. Much of his work had to be burned to keep the small room warm. In 1901, with his friend Soler, he founded the magazine Arte Joven in Madrid. The first edition was entirely illustrated by him. From that day, he started to simply sign his work Picasso, while before he signed Pablo Ruiz y Picasso.In the early years of the 20th century, Picasso, still a struggling youth, divided his time between Barcelona and Paris, where in 1904, he began a long-term relationship with Fernande Olivier. It is she who appears in many of the Rose period paintings. After acquiring fame and some fortune, Picasso left Olivier for Marcelle Humbert, whom Picasso called Eva. Picasso included declarations of his love for Eva in many Cubist works.In Paris, Picasso entertained a distinguished coterie of friends in the Montmartre and Montparnasse quarters, including André Breton, poet Guillaume Apollinaire, and writer Gertrude Stein. Apollinaire was arrested on suspicion of stealing the Mona Lisa from the Louvre in 1911. Apollonaire pointed to his friend Picasso, who was also brought in for questioning, but both were later exonerated.He maintained a number of mistresses in addition to his wife or primary partner. Picasso was married twice and had four children by three women. In the summer of 1918, Picasso married Olga Khokhlova, a ballerina with Sergei Diaghilev's troupe, for whom Picasso was designing a ballet, Parade, in Rome; and they spent their honeymoon in the villa near Biarritz of the glamorous Chilean art patron Eugenia Errázuriz. Khokhlova introduced Picasso to high society, formal dinner parties, and all the social niceties attendant on the life of the rich in 1920s Paris. The two had a son, Paulo, who would grow up to be a dissolute motorcycle racer and chauffeur to his father. Khokhlova's insistence on social propriety clashed with Picasso's bohemian tendencies and the two lived in a state of constant conflict. In 1927 Picasso met 17 year old Marie-Thérèse Walter and began a secret affair with her. Picasso's marriage to Khokhlova soon ended in separation rather than divorce, as French law required an even division of property in the case of divorce, and Picasso did not want Khokhlova to have half his wealth. The two remained legally married until Khokhlova's death in 1955. Picasso carried on a long-standing affair with Marie-Thérèse Walter and fathered a daughter, Maia, with her. Marie-Thérèse lived in the vain hope that Picasso would one day marry her, and hanged herself four years after Picasso's death.The photographer and painter Dora Maar was also a constant companion and lover of Picasso. The two were closest in the late 1930s and early 1940s and it was Maar who documented the painting of Guernica.During the Second World War, Picasso remained in Paris while the Germans occupied the city. Picasso's artistic style did not fit the Nazi views of art, so he was not able to show his works during this time. Retreating to his studio, he continued to paint all the while. Although the Germans outlawed bronze casting in Paris, Picasso continued regardless, using bronze smuggled to him by the French resistance.After the liberation of Paris in 1944, Picasso began to keep company with a young art student, Françoise Gilot. The two eventually became lovers, and had two children together, Claude and Paloma. Unique among Picasso's women, Gilot left Picasso in 1953, allegedly because of abusive treatment and infidelities. This came as a severe blow to Picasso.He went through a difficult period after Gilot's departure, coming to terms with his advancing age and his perception that, now in his 70s, he was no longer attractive, but rather grotesque to young women. A number of ink drawings from this period explore this theme of the hideous old dwarf as buffoonish counterpoint to the beautiful young girl, including several from a six-week affair with Geneviève Laporte, who in June 2005 auctioned off the drawings Picasso made of her.Picasso was not long in finding another lover, Jacqueline Roque. Roque worked at the Madoura Pottery in Vallauris on the French Riviera, where Picasso made and painted ceramics. The two remained together for the rest of Picasso's life, marrying in 1961. Their marriage was also the means of one last act of revenge against Gilot. Gilot had been seeking a legal means to legitimize her children with Picasso, Claude and Paloma. With Picasso's encouragement, she had arranged to divorce her then husband, Luc Simon, and marry Picasso to secure her children's rights. Picasso then secretly married Roque after Gilot had filed for divorce in order to exact his revenge for her leaving him.Picasso had constructed a huge gothic structure and could afford large villas in the south of France, at Notre-dame-de-vie on the outskirts of Mougins, in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur. Although he was a celebrity, there was often as much interest in his personal life as his art.In addition to his manifold artistic accomplishments, Picasso had a film career, including a cameo appearance in Jean Cocteau's Testament of Orpheus. Picasso always played himself in his film appearances. In 1955 he helped make the film Le Mystère Picasso (The Mystery of Picasso) directed by Henri-Georges Clouzot.Pablo Picasso died on April 8, 1973 in Mougins, France, while he and his wife Jacqueline entertained friends for dinner. His final words were "Drink to me, drink to my health, you know I can't drink any more."He was interred at Castle Vauvenargues' park, in Vauvenargues, Bouches-du-Rhône. Jacqueline Roque prevented his children Claude and Paloma from attending the funeral.
Fonte: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso
http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismo
Nomes: Amanda N° 07 3°I
Bruna 09
Bruna Santana 10
Camila 13
Rita de Cássia 46
